The complete cover letter guide
Your CV says what you've done; a cover letter says why you're right for this particular job. Plenty of applicants skip it, and that's exactly what makes it an opportunity — a well-written letter sets you apart from most of the pile.
When you actually need one
Write one unless it's explicitly discouraged. Even when the posting calls it optional, sending one signals genuine interest in the role rather than a scattergun application.
It becomes essential in three situations: changing field, explaining an employment gap, or applying to a role slightly above your current level.
The structure: four paragraphs, no more
- Opening: name the role you're applying for and one specific reason you're interested in this company — not a line that would fit any employer.
- Second paragraph: your strongest achievement as it relates directly to the posting's requirements, with a number.
- Third paragraph: what you'll add. Read the posting and say how you solve their particular problem.
- Closing: a clear line requesting an interview, and a thank you.
Mistakes that waste the letter
- Restating your CV in paragraph form — that's repetition, not addition.
- One letter sent everywhere with only the company name changed. It's obvious.
- Writing about what you want from the job instead of what you'll bring to it.
- Running past one page. A long letter doesn't get read.
- Excessive flattery. Professionalism persuades; praise doesn't.
Before you send
- Double-check the company name and job title — an error here is fatal.
- Address it to a named person if you can find one.
- Send it as a PDF alongside your CV in the same message.
- Use the same template and typeface as your CV — visual consistency reads as professional.